History of tumor removal: In 1879 after locating it via neurological signs alone, Scottish surgeon William Macewen (1848-1924) performed the first successful brain tumor removal. In 1998 researcher Philip Kennedy implanted the first Brain Computer Interface (BCI) into a human subject. In 1972 the cochlear implant, a neurological prosthetic that allowed deaf people to hear was marketed for commercial use. Jose Delgado invented the first electrode that was implanted in an animal's brain, using it to make it run and change direction. History of electrodes in the brain: In 1878 Richard Caton discovered that electrical signals transmitted through an animal's brain. There was not much advancement in neurosurgery until late 19th early 20th century, when electrodes were placed on the brain and superficial tumors were removed. In China, Hua Tuo created the first general anaesthesia called mafeisan, which he used on surgical procedures on the brain. During the Middle Ages in Al-Andalus from 936 to 1013 AD, Al-Zahrawi performed surgical treatments of head injuries, skull fractures, spinal injuries, hydrocephalus, subdural effusions and headache. The Incas appear to have practiced a procedure known as trepanation since before European colonization. Neurosurgery remains consistently amongst the most competitive medical specialties in which to obtain entry. Unlike most other surgical specialties, it currently has its own independent training pathway which takes around eight years (ST1-8) before being able to sit for consultant exams with sufficient amounts of experience and practice behind them. Junior doctors then apply to enter the neurosurgical pathway. The newly qualified physician must then complete foundation training lasting two years this is a paid training program in a hospital or clinical setting covering a range of medical specialties including surgery. MBBS qualification ( Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery) takes four to six years depending on the student's route. In the United Kingdom, students must gain entry into medical school. In the U.S., neurosurgery "is a small specialty, constituting only 0.5 percent of all physicians." United Kingdom Fellowships typically span one to two years. These fellowships include pediatric neurosurgery, trauma/neurocritical care, functional and stereotactic surgery, surgical neuro- oncology, radiosurgery, neurovascular surgery, skull-base surgery, peripheral nerve and complex spinal surgery. Neurosurgeons may pursue additional training in the form of a fellowship after residency, or, in some cases, as a senior resident in the form of an enfolded fellowship. Most, but not all, residency programs have some component of basic science or clinical research. In the United States, a neurosurgeon must generally complete four years of undergraduate education, four years of medical school, and seven years of residency (PGY-1-7). In most countries, neurosurgeon training requires a minimum period of seven years after graduating from medical school. In different countries, there are different requirements for an individual to legally practice neurosurgery, and there are varying methods through which they must be educated.
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